In animals, communication mechanisms are among the most important factors in evolution. They are known in all Metazoan groups and take a great variety of forms. In insects, communication frequently involves wings, viz. for the diffusion of pheromones as in Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, production of flashes of light as in several Lepidoptera and Diptera, or emission of sounds as in Orthoptera, with a large variety of communication designs in each order. The latter use wings, and legs in some cases, to produce sounds in order to escape predators, or/and for intraspecific recognition, territorial delimitation and sexual calls. Acoustic communication is well-known in insects since the Mesozoic, but earlier evidence of this behaviour is rare. Titanoptera, an ‘orthopteroid’ Permian-Triassic order, is one of the few candidates for Paleozoic intersex calling interactions: some specimens had highly specialized broadened zones on the forewings, which are currently considered—despite inconclusive evidence—as ‘resonators’ of a stridulatory apparatus. These stridulatory apparatus hypothesis is unlikely because the Titanoptera lack a stridulatory file on their bodies, legs or wings. Instead, comparing these broadened zones with similar structures in extant locusts, flies, and fossil damselflies, we find evidence that the Titanoptera used their wings to produce flashes of light and/or crepitated sounds. Moreover, it describes the first Carboniferous Titanoptera, which exhibits such specialized zones, thus corresponding to the oldest record of wing communication in insects. Whether these communication systems were used to attract sexual partners and/or escape predators remain to be demonstrated.

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