Nanoparticles have a diameter of up to 100 nm and a higher surface-to-volume ratio, enabling more active surface atoms to contribute to implementations and improve material properties. In nanoparticle preparation, the ability to control particle size, shape, and morphology is important. The most important tool for studying nanomaterial’s is XRD it is a vital characterization tool in solid-state chemistry and materials science. For any compound, XRD is a simple method for determining the unit cell's size and shape.

Copper nanoparticle (CuNPs) were successfully synthesized within the confined volume of niosomal vesicles. Metallic copper nanoparticles have been prepared in niosomal vesicles. The nanoparticle characteristics are guided by the specific properties of the niosomes. It has been found that the hydrophile: lipophile balance (HLB), area per molecule and gel-fluid transition temperature of the surfactants forming the niosome are important factors affecting nanoparticle characteristics. Entrapment ability, hydration volume, vesicle size and “leakiness” are the niosomal parameters that need to be optimized for nanoparticle formation.

The CuO-Fu-NPs inhibited HeLa cell growth significantly in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.479 mg/mL (compared with 1.104 mg/mL with fucoidan alone). According to TUNEL assay results, the CuO-Fu-NPs induced DNA damage and apoptosis in the HeLa cells.

Antimicrobial activity was assessed by disc diffusion method. The size of the bimetallic nanoparticles formed was 9 nm. They showed a good zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria when compared to Ampicillin. Compared to other methods of synthesis, bimetallic particle synthesis was done using fruit extracts and these were found to show significant antimicrobial activity.

The CuSO₄ (Cu²⁺) has been reduced to Cu in the presence of secondary metabolites present in algae and it reacted with atmospheric oxygen to provide copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). The chemical composition was quite well determined by several studies. The preliminary analysis was the colour change of the solution. The SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) band was discerned with the help of UV – Visible absorption spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 350 nm. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) allow the visualization of the distribution of CuO-NPs. The prepared nanoparticles size was perceived to be 40 – 60 nm. XRD (X-ray diffraction) substantiated the crystallinity of the synthesized CuO NPs.

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